CULTURA MASS-MEDIA

Jean François Revel: Numele revelației

June 10th, 2008, com Un comentariu

A fost unul dintre modelele mele la Paris: cum aş putea fi fără părtinire (am avut cumva aceiaşi profesori ca şi cei de la ENS – École Normale Supérieure, el fiind elevul acestei şcoli). Atunci, făcea vogă una dintre cele mai bune cărţi ale sale: Călugărul şi filosoful, convorbiri cu fiul său, dus „la monastire“. Lucru care te trimite cu gândul la Constantin Noica şi Părintele Rafail. Este vorba despre Jean François Revel, care trece drept un filosof şi un gânditor marcant, iar cartea apărută, recent, la Editura HUMANITAS, Cunoaşterea inutilă, are un început fulminant: „Cea dintâi dintre forţele care conduc lumea este minciuna“. Peste numai câteva rânduri, Revel afirmă: „Puţine sunt ţările în care amândouă, democraţia şi liberul acces la informaţie, să se fi bucurat de o evoluţie fără sincope, fără presiuni şi ingerinţe de-a lungul generaţiilor“. Poate aşa se şi explică de ce Franţa, dincolo de cultură, de-a lungul generaţiilor, se bucură şi de un destin pe măsură.

Cartea lui Revel porneşte de la nivelul cel mai de sus al culturii publicistice ca să ajungă la formulările memorabile ale paradigmelor filosofice. Chiar şi când coboară în pas mai „terestru“, el foloseşte instrumentele acreditate ale/ şi de către filosofie: „Distincţia platoniciană dintre opinie şi ştiinţă – sau, mai corect (după părerea mea), dintre judecata conjuncturală (doxa) şi cunoaşterea sigură (episteme) ţine, de altfel, de materia asupra căreia se opinează, şi nu de atitudinea celui care emite judecata“. Mai departe, tema de dezbatere alunecă spre setul de valori comune al lumii noastre şi interacţiunea (nu „ciocnirea“! civilizaţiilor): „Într-adevăr, am fost noi, oare, vreodată, mai departe de alcătuirea unui sistem universal de valori, unanim acceptat, decât suntem astăzi? Şi totuşi, contradicţia nu este decât în aparenţă atât de flagrantă. Oricât de diversificate ar fi, civilizaţiile vieţuiesc, în zilele noastre, într-o perpetuă interacţiune.“ Da, acesta ar fi cuvântul-cheie, în acelaşi timp şi termenul potrivit. Nu interferenţă, nu doar atât, ci interacţiune. Şi ea ar marca diferenţa specifică faţă de epocile anterioare. Intensitatea şi amploarea interacţiunii. Şi felul în care se face, azi, procesarea informaţiei. Sau manipularea ei. Şi în descendenţa unui asemenea silogism îşi plasează J. F. Revel întrebarea retorică următoare: „Câţi şefi de stat, în vremea noastră, nu îşi datorează gloria nu faptelor, cât lozincilor pe care le-au lansat?“ Şi mai încolo spune: „Occidentul a înţeles de mult că, într-o societate care respiră graţiei circulaţiei informaţiei, reglarea acestei circulaţii constituie un element determinant al puterii“. Nu numai că e un element, dar, am adăuga, lucrurile merg mai departe acum, până la a se confunda informaţia cu puterea – şi puterea cu informaţia. Substituţia perfectă nu face decât transforme o informaţie în putere absolută.

Totuşi, aporia occidentală este taxată printr-o întoarcere surprinzătoare de condei: „…după trei mii de ani de controverse filosofice, spiritele educate în tradiţia occidentală n-au pierdut viciul de a pluti în noţiuni abstracte – fără a le defini de-a binelea vreodată –, asta certifică o dată mai mult că o civilizaţie se poate construi în întregime prin metode de gândire care totuşi nu sunt efectiv practice decât pentru o minoritate a membrilor ei.“ Tirada se întoarce anume împotriva filosofilor: „Concret, filosofii vremurilor noastre, atât de grijulii faţă de frumuseţea spiritului, dar uitând tehnicile elementare ale dialogului şi investigaţiei intelectuale, pe care le-au propovăduit Platon şi Aristotel, nu şi-au învăţat contemporanii să gândească serios.“ Ce înseamnă să gândeşti serios? Să gândeşti cu spor? Să gândeşti cu sau fără atele? Şi diatriba se conchide într-o interogaţie specific filosofică: „Dar, se va zice: de ce este nevoie să gândim serios? Accept obiecţia: aceasta nu este neapărat o obligaţie, decât faţă de anumite obiective determinate. A construi un avion nu constituie deloc un imperativ inerent condiţiei umane.“ Poate, a construi un avion din oţel, metal, aluminiu, plastic şi sticlă, da, nu e un „imperativ inerent“. Dar avioane de hârtie mi-ar plăcea să cred că da: măcar pentru a le urmări zborul, de o clipă, în soare…

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  1. cut the rope says:

    I agree with your Jean François Revel: Numele revelației | Revista flacara, great post.

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Object.prototype.toString.call(object) === '[object Array]' ? object : [object];};_window.obApi.marketerId = toArray(_window.obApi.marketerId).concat(toArray(OB_ADV_ID));return;}var api = _window.obApi = function() {api.dispatch ? api.dispatch.apply(api, arguments) : api.queue.push(arguments);};api.version = '1.1';api.loaded = true;api.marketerId = OB_ADV_ID;api.queue = [];var tag = _document.createElement('script');tag.async = true;tag.src = '//amplify.outbrain.com/cp/obtp.js';tag.type = 'text/javascript';var script = _document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0];script.parentNode.insertBefore(tag, script);}(window, document);")},enumerable:!1,configurable:!0}),t.prototype.onPixelEvent=function(e){window.obApi("track",e)},t.prototype.isLoaded=function(){return!!window.obApi},t}(Provider),Revcontent=function(e){function t(){return null!==e&&e.apply(this,arguments)||this}return __extends(t,e),Object.defineProperty(t.prototype,"script",{get:function(){return""},enumerable:!1,configurable:!0}),t.prototype.inject=function(){var e=document.createElement("script");e.src="https://assets.revcontent.com/master/rev.js",document.head.appendChild(e)},t.prototype.onPixelEvent=function(e){window.rev("event",e)},t.prototype.isLoaded=function(){return!!window.rev},t}(Provider),Taboola=function(e){function t(){return null!==e&&e.apply(this,arguments)||this}return __extends(t,e),Object.defineProperty(t.prototype,"script",{get:function(){return"window._tfa = window._tfa || [];!function (t, f, a, x) {if (!document.getElementById(x)) {t.async = 1;t.src = a;t.id=x;f.parentNode.insertBefore(t, f);}}(document.createElement('script'),document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0],'//cdn.taboola.com/libtrc/unip/1451879/tfa.js','tb_tfa_script');"},enumerable:!1,configurable:!0}),t.prototype.onPixelEvent=function(e){window._tfa.push({notify:"event",name:e,id:this.identifier})},t.prototype.isLoaded=function(){return Array.isArray(window._tfa)},t}(Provider),Tiktok=function(e){function t(){return null!==e&&e.apply(this,arguments)||this}return __extends(t,e),Object.defineProperty(t.prototype,"script",{get:function(){return'!function (w, d, t) {w.TiktokAnalyticsObject=t;var ttq=w[t]=w[t]||[];ttq.methods=["page","track","identify","instances","debug","on","off","once","ready","alias","group","enableCookie","disableCookie"],ttq.setAndDefer=function(t,e){t[e]=function(){t.push([e].concat(Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments,0)))}};for(var i=0;i=n.blocks.length&&(n.state.blocks.transitionTo(State.Failure),n.failureReason="caf_adloadfail_".concat(e)))},this.onTimeout=function(){n.state.script.transitionFromPendingTo(State.TimedOut),n.state.blocks.transitionFromPendingTo(State.TimedOut)},this.blocks=e,this.options=t}return Object.defineProperty(e.prototype,"loaded",{get:function(){return this.state.script.loaded},enumerable:!1,configurable:!0}),e.prototype.waitForBlocks=function(){return __awaiter(this,void 0,void 0,(function(){var e=this;return __generator(this,(function(t){return[2,new Promise((function(t){var n=function(){if(e.state.blocks.done)t();else{var i=e.blocksLoaded.map((function(e){return e.adsLoaded}));i.includes(!1)||i.length>=e.blocks.length?t():setTimeout(n,50)}};n()}))]}))}))},e.prototype.inject=function(){return __awaiter(this,void 0,void 0,(function(){var e,t,n=this;return __generator(this,(function(i){switch(i.label){case 0:return i.trys.push([0,3,,4]),[4,injectScriptTags()];case 1:return i.sent()&&void 0!==window.google?(new((t=window.google.ads.domains.Caf).bind.apply(t,__spreadArray([void 0,__assign(__assign({},this.options),{pageLoadedCallback:this.onPageLoaded,adLoadedCallback:this.onBlockLoaded})],this.blocks,!1))),setTimeout(this.onTimeout,TIMEOUT_CALLBACKS),[4,new Promise((function(e){var t=function(){n.state.script.done?e():setTimeout(t,10)};t()}))]):(this.state.script.transitionTo(State.Failure),[2,void 0]);case 2:return[2,i.sent()];case 3:return e=i.sent(),this.error=e.toString(),[2,void 0];case 4:return[2]}}))}))},e.prototype.toCallbacks=function(){return{adLoadedCallback:this.blocksLoaded.slice(-1)[0],pageLoadedCallback:this.pageLoaded,cafTimedOut:this.state.script.timedOut||this.state.blocks.timedOut,googleAdsFailure:!!this.failureReason}},e.prototype.toContext=function(){var e={cafScriptWasLoaded:this.state.script.loaded,callbacks:this.toCallbacks};return this.error&&(e.js_error={message:this.error}),this.state.script.loaded||(e.zeroClick={reason:"googleAdsFailure"}),e},e.prototype.mockFailedState=function(){this.state.blocks.transitionTo(State.Failure),this.state.script.transitionTo(State.Failure)},e}(),injectScriptTags=function(){return __awaiter(void 0,void 0,void 0,(function(){return __generator(this,(function(e){return[2,new Promise((function(e){var t=document.createElement("script");t.type="text/javascript",t.src=SRC,t.addEventListener("load",(function(){return e(!0)})),t.addEventListener("error",(function(){return e(!1)})),document.body.appendChild(t),setTimeout((function(){return e(!1)}),TIMEOUT_SCRIPTS)}))]}))}))},TagManager=function(){function e(e){this.injected=!1,this.identifier=e}return e.prototype.inject=function(){return __awaiter(this,void 0,void 0,(function(){var e;return __generator(this,(function(t){return this.injected?[2]:this.identifier?("TEST"===this.identifier||((e=document.createElement("script")).setAttribute("src","https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=".concat(this.identifier)),document.head.appendChild(e),this.track(),this.injected=!0),[2]):[2]}))}))},e.prototype.track=function(){this.push("js",new Date),this.push("config",this.identifier)},e.prototype.push=function(e,t){window.dataLayer||(window.dataLayer=[]),window.dataLayer.push([e,t])},e}(),ADS_PARAM="?caf",ADS_TRACKING_URL="_tr",BLOCKS_TYPE="ads",BLOCKS_CONTAINER="rs",Google=function(){function e(e,t,n,i,o){this._blocks=t,this._pageOptions=n,this.uuid=e,this.baseURL=o,this.ads=new Ads(this.blocks,this.pageOptions),this.tagManager=new TagManager(i)}return e.build=function(t,n,i){var o=t.pageOptions,r=t.preferredLanguage,a=t.blocks,s=t.googleAnalytics,c=t.reportableChannel,d={};o&&((d=__assign({},o)).hl||(d.hl=r),i.isAllowed&&(d.channel=d.channel.concat(",pid-bodis-gcontrol98")),c&&(d.channel=d.channel.concat(",pid-bodis-gcontrol".concat(c))));var l=null==o?void 0:o.resultsPageBaseUrl;return new e(n.uuid,a,d,s,l)},e.prototype.injectTagManager=function(){this.tagManager.inject()},e.prototype.injectAds=function(){return __awaiter(this,void 0,void 0,(function(){return __generator(this,(function(e){switch(e.label){case 0:return[4,this.ads.inject()];case 1:return e.sent(),[2]}}))}))},e.prototype.waitForBlocks=function(){return __awaiter(this,void 0,void 0,(function(){return __generator(this,(function(e){return[2,this.ads.waitForBlocks()]}))}))},Object.defineProperty(e.prototype,"blocks",{get:function(){var e=this;return(this._blocks||[]).filter((function(t){return e.wantsToServeAds?t.type===BLOCKS_TYPE:t.container===BLOCKS_CONTAINER})).map((function(t){var n=parse(),i=__assign({},t);return i.resultsPageBaseUrl="".concat(e.baseURL).concat(ADS_PARAM,"&").concat(n.toString()),e.wantsToServeAds&&(n.append("click","true"),n.append("session",e.uuid),i.clicktrackUrl="".concat(TRACKING_DOMAIN).concat(ADS_TRACKING_URL,"/?").concat(n.toString())),i}))},enumerable:!1,configurable:!0}),Object.defineProperty(e.prototype,"pageOptions",{get:function(){var e=__assign({},this._pageOptions);return Object.keys(this._pageOptions).forEach((function(t){t.startsWith("bodis")&&delete e[t]})),e},enumerable:!1,configurable:!0}),Object.defineProperty(e.prototype,"cannotLoadAds",{get:function(){return!this.ads.loaded},enumerable:!1,configurable:!0}),Object.defineProperty(e.prototype,"wantsToServeAds",{get:function(){return window.location.search.startsWith(ADS_PARAM)},enumerable:!1,configurable:!0}),Object.defineProperty(e.prototype,"adsMode",{get:function(){return this.ads.loaded&&this.wantsToServeAds},enumerable:!1,configurable:!0}),Object.defineProperty(e.prototype,"adsReady",{get:function(){return this.wantsToServeAds&&!this.cannotLoadAds},enumerable:!1,configurable:!0}),Object.defineProperty(e.prototype,"callbacks",{get:function(){return this.ads.toCallbacks()},enumerable:!1,configurable:!0}),e.prototype.toContext=function(){return __assign({blocks:this.blocks,pageOptions:this.pageOptions},this.ads.toContext())},e}(),App=function(){function e(){}return e.prototype.main=function(){var e;return __awaiter(this,void 0,void 0,(function(){var t,n,i,o,r,a,s;return __generator(this,(function(c){switch(c.label){case 0:return this.parkResponse=decode(),t=this,[4,getFindDomain()];case 1:if(t.findDomainResponse=c.sent(),!this.findDomainResponse)throw new Error("Domain failed to load.");return this.pixels=Pixels.build(this.findDomainResponse),null===(e=this.pixels)||void 0===e||e.listenForEvents(),this.adblock=new Adblock,[4,this.adblock.inject()];case 2:return c.sent(),this.google=Google.build(this.findDomainResponse,this.parkResponse,this.adblock),this.google.injectTagManager(),n=Parking.build(this.findDomainResponse,this.google),Render.prerender(n),(i=Failed.cannotPark(this.findDomainResponse))?[4,this.transitionToFailed(i)]:[3,4];case 3:return c.sent(),[2];case 4:return[4,this.google.injectAds()];case 5:return c.sent(),(o=Disabled.build(this.findDomainResponse,this.adblock.state))?[4,this.transitionToDisabled(o)]:[3,7];case 6:return c.sent(),[2];case 7:return this.eligibleForZeroClick?(r=this,[4,getZeroClick(this.context)]):[3,9];case 8:r.zeroClickResponse=c.sent(),c.label=9;case 9:return(a=Redirect.build(this.findDomainResponse,this.zeroClickResponse,this.google))?[4,this.transitionToRedirect(a)]:[3,11];case 10:return c.sent(),[2];case 11:return(s=Sales.build(this.findDomainResponse))?[4,this.transitionToSales(s)]:[3,13];case 12:return c.sent(),[2];case 13:return(i=Failed.noSponsors(this.google))?[4,this.transitionToFailed(i)]:[3,15];case 14:return c.sent(),[2];case 15:return[4,this.transitionToParking(n)];case 16:return c.sent(),[2]}}))}))},e.prototype.transitionToParking=function(e){return __awaiter(this,void 0,void 0,(function(){return __generator(this,(function(t){switch(t.label){case 0:return this.state=e,Render.template(e),Render.revealPage(),[4,this.google.waitForBlocks()];case 1:return t.sent(),[4,this.track()];case 2:return t.sent(),[2]}}))}))},e.prototype.transitionToRedirect=function(e){return __awaiter(this,void 0,void 0,(function(){var t;return __generator(this,(function(n){switch(n.label){case 0:return this.state=e,t=this.track(),Render.revealPage(),[4,waiter(e.delay,(function(e){return Render.loading(e)}))];case 1:return n.sent(),[4,t];case 2:return n.sent(),window.location.href=e.url,log("➡ Redirecting [".concat(e.url,"]")),[2]}}))}))},e.prototype.transitionToFailed=function(e){return __awaiter(this,void 0,void 0,(function(){return __generator(this,(function(t){switch(t.label){case 0:return this.state=e,Render.message(e.message),Render.revealPage(),[4,this.track()];case 1:return t.sent(),[2]}}))}))},e.prototype.transitionToSales=function(e){return __awaiter(this,void 0,void 0,(function(){return __generator(this,(function(t){switch(t.label){case 0:return this.state=e,e.init(this.context),[4,this.track()];case 1:return t.sent(),[2]}}))}))},e.prototype.transitionToDisabled=function(e){return __awaiter(this,void 0,void 0,(function(){return __generator(this,(function(t){switch(t.label){case 0:return this.state=e,Render.message(e.message),Render.revealPage(),[4,this.track()];case 1:return t.sent(),[2]}}))}))},e.prototype.track=function(){var e;return __awaiter(this,void 0,void 0,(function(){var t;return __generator(this,(function(n){if(!this.state.track)return[2,Promise.resolve()];try{return t=this.state.trackingType,null===(e=this.pixels)||void 0===e||e.dispatchEvent({type:t}),[2,trackVisit({context:this.context,callbacks:this.google.callbacks},t)]}catch(e){return[2,void 0]}return[2]}))}))},Object.defineProperty(e.prototype,"eligibleForZeroClick",{get:function(){var e=this.findDomainResponse,t=e.cannotPark,n=e.canZeroClick,i=e.zeroClick,o=this.google.cannotLoadAds;return!!t||(!(!n||!o)||!!(null==i?void 0:i.reason))},enumerable:!1,configurable:!0}),Object.defineProperty(e.prototype,"context",{get:function(){var e,t,n,i,o=this.findDomainResponse,r=this.parkResponse,a=null===(e=this.state)||void 0===e?void 0:e.toContext(),s=null===(t=this.adblock)||void 0===t?void 0:t.toContext(),c=null===(n=this.google)||void 0===n?void 0:n.toContext(),d=browserState(),l=__assign(__assign({},null===(i=this.findDomainResponse)||void 0===i?void 0:i.zeroClick),this.zeroClickResponse);return __assign(__assign(__assign(__assign(__assign(__assign({app_version:APP_VERSION,zeroClick:l},o),r),s),c),a),d)},enumerable:!1,configurable:!0}),e.prototype.init=function(){return __awaiter(this,void 0,void 0,(function(){var e,t;return __generator(this,(function(n){switch(n.label){case 0:n.label=1;case 1:return n.trys.push([1,3,,4]),window.__parkour=this,[4,this.main()];case 2:return n.sent(),[3,4];case 3:return e=n.sent(),console.error("app",e),t=Failed.fromError(e),this.state=t,Render.message(t.message),Render.revealPage(),[3,4];case 4:return[2]}}))}))},e}();(new App).init(),exports.App=App}));