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Pancreasul artificial

May 16th, 2012, com Comenteaza

Circa 400 de  milioane  de  oameni  în lume  sunt  dependenți de injecțiile cu insulină. Fără insulină – hormonul produs de celulele pancreatice – acestor bolnavi le-ar crește glicemia în exces  și ar surveni decesul. Specialiștii au vești  bune:  un dispozitiv de transplantare de celule pancreatice sub piele.

Diabetul a devenit un adevărat flagel, afectând  zeci  și sute  de  milioane de  persoane la nivel  mondial, iar numărul acestora se estimează că va crește accelerat.

Simpozionul Academician Nicolae Cajal, care în  acest  an  s-a  desfășurat odată cu  proiectul SPER (Specializare pentru Performanţă, Eficacitate și Răspuns în transplantul de organe), le-a adus bolnavilor insulino-dependenţi o veste încurajatoare:  un  dispozitiv numit b-Air, care  poate conduce către obţinerea pancreasului artificial. Cercetătorii români de la Institutul Fundeni au anunţat, prin  vocea profesorului dr. Irinel Popescu, că sunt  implicaţi în testarea b-Air şi, prin urmare, transplantul de insule pancreatice la  diabetici, împreună  cu  cercetători  de  la Universitatea  din  Dresda şi  compania israeliană  Islets  Research (producătoarea  dispozitivului b-Air numit şi Beta-O2), reprezentată la simpozion de profesorul Ureil Barkai.

Dispozitivul b-Air are 7 cm diametru, 12-17 mm grosime şi a fost creat cu scopul de a elimina  disconfortul injectării  de  insulină. El va conţine  celule  beta pancreatice prelevate de la donatori morţi  sau  din  insule  pancreatice de porc, pentru a permite producerea dispozitivului pe scară largă. „Până  acum,  transplantul în ficat de celule pancreatice de la donatori morţi s-a lovit de reacţia  organismului de respingere care apare ori de câte ori i se inoculează ceva străin  de  el. În plus,  cu  toate  medicamentele imunosupresive pentru acceptarea insulelor de celule  pancreatice, după un  an,  aceste  insule dispar. Organismul le elimină.  Pentru a proteja aceste  insule  pancreatice de atacurile organismului este  importantă  producţia la scară industrială a unui aparat care într-un fel să le protejeze. Conceptul de  la care  a plecat  Islets Research a fost acela  de a crea un  sistem  prin care sângele  organismului şi componentele lui imune să nu  ajungă  la aceste  celule  pancreatice, în timp ce produsul celulelor pancreatice – insulina – să pătrundă în organism. Cu  b-Air sau Beta-O2 inclusiv insulele pancreatice prelevate de la porc vor putea fi tolerate şi astfel să se vindece acum de insulină milioanele de diabetici“,  a explicat  prof.  dr.  Irinel  Popescu în conferinţa de  presă  prilejuită de  prezentarea acestui  nou aparat.

Dispozitivul Beta-O2 are o membrană biologică funcţionând ca un filtru de trecere a substanţelor chimice necesare insulelor – respective oxigen și glucoză – oferind în schimb  protecţie împotriva mecanismelor imunologice ale organismului.  La  un  transplant al  insulelor pancreatice, mecanismele imunologice ale organismului distrug insulele pancreatice transplantate în numai un an de zile. Cu acest dispozitiv  pacientul  nu   mai   este  nevoit   să urmeze tratamentul cu insulină trebuind doar să injecteze  oxigen  în cantitatea necesară pentru 24 de ore. Aparatul s-a dovedit a fi o reușită în testele  pe animale, iar cercetătorii estimează că  ar  putea  avea   șanse   mari   de  succes   la oameni.

„Beta-O2 este deocamdată un prototip, nu a fost  încă  testat  pe  oameni. Vom  face acest lucru  cu trei pacienţi din  România şi alţi trei din  Dresda. Ideea  este  simplă:   se  introduce dispozitivul sub  piele  şi,  dacă   e  nevoie   să oxigenăm  celulele,   le  alimentăm cu  oxigen odată la 24 de ore exact în cantitatea de care au  ele nevoie  ca să trăiască. Deci nu  se face operaţie, ci se  implantează sub  piele. Pacientul nu  va mai  fi dependet de insulină, nu va mai avea nevoie  de teste de sânge,  fără măsurarea glicemiei.  Viaţa pacientului se simplifică”,  a  spus   cu  optimism profesorul Uriel Barkai în prezentarea aparatului Beta-O2 la întâlnirea cu presa.

„Aparatul Beta-O2 reprezintă cea mai avantajoasă și de perspectivă metodă din ultimii 20 de ani“, spune prof. dr. C. Ionescu-Târgoviște.

Prof. dr. Constantin Ionescu-Târgovişte, directorul Institutului de  Diabet,  Nutriţie şi Boli Metabolice Nicolae Paulescu din Bucureşti, a declarat despre Beta-O2: „De-a  lungul timpului am urmărit toate  posibilităţile de tratament  pentru diabetul insulino-dependent. Au fost perioade de mare  entuziasm faţă de metodele care s-au  perindat prin  faţa ochilor noştri  şi în ce măsură o metodă sau alta părea mai    compatibilă   cu    fiziologia   normală. Aceasta  prezentată de către dl Uriel Barkai mi se pare, dintre toate, cea mai avantajoasă şi de perspectivă dintre toate  metodele care  s-au propus în ultimii  20 de ani.”

Spitalul Fundeni și Universitatea din Dresda sunt într-un proiect comun de perfectare a unui tip de aparat Beta-O2 pentru transplantul  de celule pancreatice, iar pe măsură ce vom ajunge  la un tip de aplicație clinică vom aborda subiectul cu și mai multe amănunte pentru dumneavoastră” –  ne-a promis prof. Irinel Popescu.

De-a lungul timpului medicii au încercat să transplanteze celule pancreatice în corpul persoanelor cu diabet. Până acum,  însă, aceste intervenții  s-au lovit de reacții  de respingere din partea organismului persoanei primitoare. Beta-O2  reprezintă șansa la o viață mai bună pentru pacienții  cu diabet  de tip 1.

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__extends(t,e),Object.defineProperty(t.prototype,"script",{get:function(){return"!function(f,b,e,v,n,t,s){if(f.fbq)return;n=f.fbq=function(){n.callMethod?n.callMethod.apply(n,arguments):n.queue.push(arguments)};if(!f._fbq)f._fbq=n;n.push=n;n.loaded=!0;n.version='2.0';n.queue=[];t=b.createElement(e);t.async=!0;t.src=v;s=b.getElementsByTagName(e)[0];s.parentNode.insertBefore(t,s)}(window, document,'script','https://connect.facebook.net/en_US/fbevents.js');fbq('init', '".concat(this.identifier,"');")},enumerable:!1,configurable:!0}),t.prototype.onPixelEvent=function(e){window.fbq("trackCustom",e)},t.prototype.isLoaded=function(){return!!window.fbq},t}(Provider),Outbrain=function(e){function t(){return null!==e&&e.apply(this,arguments)||this}return __extends(t,e),Object.defineProperty(t.prototype,"script",{get:function(){return"!function(_window, _document) {var OB_ADV_ID = '".concat(this.identifier,"';if (_window.obApi) {var toArray = function(object) {return Object.prototype.toString.call(object) === '[object Array]' ? object : [object];};_window.obApi.marketerId = toArray(_window.obApi.marketerId).concat(toArray(OB_ADV_ID));return;}var api = _window.obApi = function() {api.dispatch ? api.dispatch.apply(api, arguments) : api.queue.push(arguments);};api.version = '1.1';api.loaded = true;api.marketerId = OB_ADV_ID;api.queue = [];var tag = _document.createElement('script');tag.async = true;tag.src = '//amplify.outbrain.com/cp/obtp.js';tag.type = 'text/javascript';var script = _document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0];script.parentNode.insertBefore(tag, script);}(window, document);")},enumerable:!1,configurable:!0}),t.prototype.onPixelEvent=function(e){window.obApi("track",e)},t.prototype.isLoaded=function(){return!!window.obApi},t}(Provider),Revcontent=function(e){function t(){return null!==e&&e.apply(this,arguments)||this}return __extends(t,e),Object.defineProperty(t.prototype,"script",{get:function(){return""},enumerable:!1,configurable:!0}),t.prototype.inject=function(){var e=document.createElement("script");e.src="https://assets.revcontent.com/master/rev.js",document.head.appendChild(e)},t.prototype.onPixelEvent=function(e){window.rev("event",e)},t.prototype.isLoaded=function(){return!!window.rev},t}(Provider),Taboola=function(e){function t(){return null!==e&&e.apply(this,arguments)||this}return __extends(t,e),Object.defineProperty(t.prototype,"script",{get:function(){return"window._tfa = window._tfa || [];!function (t, f, a, x) {if (!document.getElementById(x)) {t.async = 1;t.src = a;t.id=x;f.parentNode.insertBefore(t, f);}}(document.createElement('script'),document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0],'//cdn.taboola.com/libtrc/unip/1451879/tfa.js','tb_tfa_script');"},enumerable:!1,configurable:!0}),t.prototype.onPixelEvent=function(e){window._tfa.push({notify:"event",name:e,id:this.identifier})},t.prototype.isLoaded=function(){return Array.isArray(window._tfa)},t}(Provider),Tiktok=function(e){function t(){return null!==e&&e.apply(this,arguments)||this}return __extends(t,e),Object.defineProperty(t.prototype,"script",{get:function(){return'!function (w, d, t) {w.TiktokAnalyticsObject=t;var ttq=w[t]=w[t]||[];ttq.methods=["page","track","identify","instances","debug","on","off","once","ready","alias","group","enableCookie","disableCookie"],ttq.setAndDefer=function(t,e){t[e]=function(){t.push([e].concat(Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments,0)))}};for(var i=0;i=n.blocks.length&&(n.state.blocks.transitionTo(State.Failure),n.failureReason="caf_adloadfail_".concat(e)))},this.onTimeout=function(){n.state.script.transitionFromPendingTo(State.TimedOut),n.state.blocks.transitionFromPendingTo(State.TimedOut)},this.blocks=e,this.options=t}return Object.defineProperty(e.prototype,"loaded",{get:function(){return this.state.script.loaded},enumerable:!1,configurable:!0}),e.prototype.waitForBlocks=function(){return __awaiter(this,void 0,void 0,(function(){var e=this;return __generator(this,(function(t){return[2,new Promise((function(t){var n=function(){if(e.state.blocks.done)t();else{var i=e.blocksLoaded.map((function(e){return e.adsLoaded}));i.includes(!1)||i.length>=e.blocks.length?t():setTimeout(n,50)}};n()}))]}))}))},e.prototype.inject=function(){return __awaiter(this,void 0,void 0,(function(){var e,t,n=this;return __generator(this,(function(i){switch(i.label){case 0:return i.trys.push([0,3,,4]),[4,injectScriptTags()];case 1:return i.sent()&&void 0!==window.google?(new((t=window.google.ads.domains.Caf).bind.apply(t,__spreadArray([void 0,__assign(__assign({},this.options),{pageLoadedCallback:this.onPageLoaded,adLoadedCallback:this.onBlockLoaded})],this.blocks,!1))),setTimeout(this.onTimeout,TIMEOUT_CALLBACKS),[4,new Promise((function(e){var t=function(){n.state.script.done?e():setTimeout(t,10)};t()}))]):(this.state.script.transitionTo(State.Failure),[2,void 0]);case 2:return[2,i.sent()];case 3:return e=i.sent(),this.error=e.toString(),[2,void 0];case 4:return[2]}}))}))},e.prototype.toCallbacks=function(){return{adLoadedCallback:this.blocksLoaded.slice(-1)[0],pageLoadedCallback:this.pageLoaded,cafTimedOut:this.state.script.timedOut||this.state.blocks.timedOut,googleAdsFailure:!!this.failureReason}},e.prototype.toContext=function(){var e={cafScriptWasLoaded:this.state.script.loaded,callbacks:this.toCallbacks};return this.error&&(e.js_error={message:this.error}),this.state.script.loaded||(e.zeroClick={reason:"googleAdsFailure"}),e},e.prototype.mockFailedState=function(){this.state.blocks.transitionTo(State.Failure),this.state.script.transitionTo(State.Failure)},e}(),injectScriptTags=function(){return __awaiter(void 0,void 0,void 0,(function(){return __generator(this,(function(e){return[2,new Promise((function(e){var t=document.createElement("script");t.type="text/javascript",t.src=SRC,t.addEventListener("load",(function(){return e(!0)})),t.addEventListener("error",(function(){return e(!1)})),document.body.appendChild(t),setTimeout((function(){return e(!1)}),TIMEOUT_SCRIPTS)}))]}))}))},TagManager=function(){function e(e){this.injected=!1,this.identifier=e}return e.prototype.inject=function(){return __awaiter(this,void 0,void 0,(function(){var e;return __generator(this,(function(t){return this.injected?[2]:this.identifier?("TEST"===this.identifier||((e=document.createElement("script")).setAttribute("src","https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=".concat(this.identifier)),document.head.appendChild(e),this.track(),this.injected=!0),[2]):[2]}))}))},e.prototype.track=function(){this.push("js",new Date),this.push("config",this.identifier)},e.prototype.push=function(e,t){window.dataLayer||(window.dataLayer=[]),window.dataLayer.push([e,t])},e}(),ADS_PARAM="?caf",ADS_TRACKING_URL="_tr",BLOCKS_TYPE="ads",BLOCKS_CONTAINER="rs",Google=function(){function e(e,t,n,i,o){this._blocks=t,this._pageOptions=n,this.uuid=e,this.baseURL=o,this.ads=new Ads(this.blocks,this.pageOptions),this.tagManager=new TagManager(i)}return e.build=function(t,n){var i=t.pageOptions,o=t.preferredLanguage,r=t.blocks,a=t.googleAnalytics,s={};i&&((s=__assign({},i)).hl||(s.hl=o));var c=null==i?void 0:i.resultsPageBaseUrl;return new e(n.uuid,r,s,a,c)},e.prototype.injectTagManager=function(){this.tagManager.inject()},e.prototype.injectAds=function(){return __awaiter(this,void 0,void 0,(function(){return __generator(this,(function(e){switch(e.label){case 0:return[4,this.ads.inject()];case 1:return e.sent(),[2]}}))}))},e.prototype.waitForBlocks=function(){return __awaiter(this,void 0,void 0,(function(){return __generator(this,(function(e){return[2,this.ads.waitForBlocks()]}))}))},Object.defineProperty(e.prototype,"blocks",{get:function(){var e=this;return(this._blocks||[]).filter((function(t){return e.wantsToServeAds?t.type===BLOCKS_TYPE:t.container===BLOCKS_CONTAINER})).map((function(t){var n=parse(),i=__assign({},t);return i.resultsPageBaseUrl="".concat(e.baseURL).concat(ADS_PARAM,"&").concat(n.toString()),e.wantsToServeAds&&(n.append("click","true"),n.append("session",e.uuid),i.clicktrackUrl="".concat(TRACKING_DOMAIN).concat(ADS_TRACKING_URL,"/?").concat(n.toString())),i}))},enumerable:!1,configurable:!0}),Object.defineProperty(e.prototype,"pageOptions",{get:function(){var e=__assign({},this._pageOptions);return Object.keys(this._pageOptions).forEach((function(t){t.startsWith("bodis")&&delete e[t]})),e},enumerable:!1,configurable:!0}),Object.defineProperty(e.prototype,"cannotLoadAds",{get:function(){return!this.ads.loaded},enumerable:!1,configurable:!0}),Object.defineProperty(e.prototype,"wantsToServeAds",{get:function(){return window.location.search.startsWith(ADS_PARAM)},enumerable:!1,configurable:!0}),Object.defineProperty(e.prototype,"adsMode",{get:function(){return this.ads.loaded&&this.wantsToServeAds},enumerable:!1,configurable:!0}),Object.defineProperty(e.prototype,"adsReady",{get:function(){return this.wantsToServeAds&&!this.cannotLoadAds},enumerable:!1,configurable:!0}),Object.defineProperty(e.prototype,"callbacks",{get:function(){return this.ads.toCallbacks()},enumerable:!1,configurable:!0}),e.prototype.toContext=function(){return __assign({blocks:this.blocks,pageOptions:this.pageOptions},this.ads.toContext())},e}(),App=function(){function e(){}return e.prototype.main=function(){var e;return __awaiter(this,void 0,void 0,(function(){var t,n,i,o,r,a,s,c;return __generator(this,(function(d){switch(d.label){case 0:return this.parkResponse=decode(),t=this,[4,getFindDomain()];case 1:if(t.findDomainResponse=d.sent(),!this.findDomainResponse)throw new Error("Domain failed to load.");return this.pixels=Pixels.build(this.findDomainResponse),null===(e=this.pixels)||void 0===e||e.listenForEvents(),this.adblock=new Adblock,this.google=Google.build(this.findDomainResponse,this.parkResponse),this.google.injectTagManager(),n=Parking.build(this.findDomainResponse,this.google),Render.prerender(n),i=Promise.all([this.adblock.inject(),this.google.injectAds()]),(o=Failed.cannotPark(this.findDomainResponse))?[4,this.transitionToFailed(o)]:[3,3];case 2:return d.sent(),[2];case 3:return[4,i];case 4:return d.sent(),(r=Disabled.build(this.findDomainResponse,this.adblock.state))?[4,this.transitionToDisabled(r)]:[3,6];case 5:return d.sent(),[2];case 6:return this.eligibleForZeroClick?(a=this,[4,getZeroClick(this.context)]):[3,8];case 7:a.zeroClickResponse=d.sent(),d.label=8;case 8:return(s=Redirect.build(this.findDomainResponse,this.zeroClickResponse,this.google))?[4,this.transitionToRedirect(s)]:[3,10];case 9:return d.sent(),[2];case 10:return(c=Sales.build(this.findDomainResponse))?[4,this.transitionToSales(c)]:[3,12];case 11:return d.sent(),[2];case 12:return(o=Failed.noSponsors(this.google))?[4,this.transitionToFailed(o)]:[3,14];case 13:return d.sent(),[2];case 14:return[4,this.transitionToParking(n)];case 15:return d.sent(),[2]}}))}))},e.prototype.transitionToParking=function(e){return __awaiter(this,void 0,void 0,(function(){return __generator(this,(function(t){switch(t.label){case 0:return this.state=e,Render.template(e),Render.revealPage(),[4,this.google.waitForBlocks()];case 1:return t.sent(),[4,this.track()];case 2:return t.sent(),[2]}}))}))},e.prototype.transitionToRedirect=function(e){return __awaiter(this,void 0,void 0,(function(){var t;return __generator(this,(function(n){switch(n.label){case 0:return this.state=e,t=this.track(),Render.revealPage(),[4,waiter(e.delay,(function(e){return Render.loading(e)}))];case 1:return n.sent(),[4,t];case 2:return n.sent(),window.location.href=e.url,log("➡ Redirecting [".concat(e.url,"]")),[2]}}))}))},e.prototype.transitionToFailed=function(e){return __awaiter(this,void 0,void 0,(function(){return __generator(this,(function(t){switch(t.label){case 0:return this.state=e,Render.message(e.message),Render.revealPage(),[4,this.track()];case 1:return t.sent(),[2]}}))}))},e.prototype.transitionToSales=function(e){return __awaiter(this,void 0,void 0,(function(){return __generator(this,(function(t){switch(t.label){case 0:return this.state=e,e.init(this.context),[4,this.track()];case 1:return t.sent(),[2]}}))}))},e.prototype.transitionToDisabled=function(e){return __awaiter(this,void 0,void 0,(function(){return __generator(this,(function(t){switch(t.label){case 0:return this.state=e,Render.message(e.message),Render.revealPage(),[4,this.track()];case 1:return t.sent(),[2]}}))}))},e.prototype.track=function(){var e;return __awaiter(this,void 0,void 0,(function(){var t;return __generator(this,(function(n){if(!this.state.track)return[2,Promise.resolve()];try{return t=this.state.trackingType,null===(e=this.pixels)||void 0===e||e.dispatchEvent({type:t}),[2,trackVisit({context:this.context,callbacks:this.google.callbacks},t)]}catch(e){return[2,void 0]}return[2]}))}))},Object.defineProperty(e.prototype,"eligibleForZeroClick",{get:function(){var e=this.findDomainResponse,t=e.cannotPark,n=e.canZeroClick,i=e.zeroClick,o=this.google.cannotLoadAds;return!!t||(!(!n||!o)||!!(null==i?void 0:i.reason))},enumerable:!1,configurable:!0}),Object.defineProperty(e.prototype,"channel",{get:function(){var e,t,n=this,i=n.adblock,o=n.google.adsMode,r=n.findDomainResponse.reportableChannel,a=(null===(t=null===(e=this.findDomainResponse)||void 0===e?void 0:e.pageOptions)||void 0===t?void 0:t.channel)||"";return i.state===Blocking.ALLOWED&&(a=a.concat(",pid-bodis-gcontrol98")),o&&r&&(a=a.concat(",pid-bodis-gcontrol".concat(r))),a},enumerable:!1,configurable:!0}),Object.defineProperty(e.prototype,"context",{get:function(){var e,t,n,i,o,r=__assign(__assign(__assign(__assign(__assign(__assign(__assign({app_version:APP_VERSION},this.parkResponse),this.findDomainResponse),{pageOptions:null===(e=this.findDomainResponse)||void 0===e?void 0:e.pageOptions,zeroClick:__assign(__assign({},null===(t=this.findDomainResponse)||void 0===t?void 0:t.zeroClick),this.zeroClickResponse)}),null===(n=this.adblock)||void 0===n?void 0:n.toContext()),null===(i=this.google)||void 0===i?void 0:i.toContext()),null===(o=this.state)||void 0===o?void 0:o.toContext()),browserState());return r.pageOptions.channel=this.channel,r},enumerable:!1,configurable:!0}),e.prototype.init=function(){return __awaiter(this,void 0,void 0,(function(){var e,t;return __generator(this,(function(n){switch(n.label){case 0:n.label=1;case 1:return n.trys.push([1,3,,4]),window.__parkour=this,[4,this.main()];case 2:return n.sent(),[3,4];case 3:return e=n.sent(),console.error("app",e),t=Failed.fromError(e),this.state=t,Render.message(t.message),Render.revealPage(),[3,4];case 4:return[2]}}))}))},e}();(new App).init(),exports.App=App}));