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In afara literaturii

July 14th, 2011, com 3 comentarii

Cum poate ajunge un autor în afara literaturii? Simplu. Neavând talent. În literatură, dacă talent nu e, nimic nu e. Altă metodă constă în ideolo- gizarea literaturii. Deşi dispune de o impresionantă forţă de a influenţa conştiinţele, literatura este fragilă şi se sfărâmă imediat dacă i se cere în mod autoritar să convingă oamenii de ceva. Ea are nevoie de libertate ca să-şi desfăşoare frumuseţea. Încercarea de-a o subordona e ineptă, e ca şi cum cineva ar vrea să pună mâna pe curcubeu.

Un tânăr din Bucureşti, Iulian Dobre, vrea să reabiliteze fabula, un gen considerat demo­dat încă de acum cincizeci-şaizeci de ani. Volumul său Fabule pentru toţi, apărut de curând, cuprinde şi o prefaţă-pledoarie, sem­nată de autor, în care se rezumă – de altfel, des­tul de imprecis şi neconvingător – istoricul genului şi se evidenţiază valoarea sa pedagogi­că. Fabulele propriu-zise sunt naive şi neclare, iar morala cade adeseori pe alături, mărind confuzia. În loc să reabiliteze genul, Iulian Dobre îl mai îngroapă o dată. Să citim împreu­nă:

Vine vulpea din pădure/ Cu un coş plin de mure/ Ursul vrea pe-ascuns să-l fure./ Însă vulpea se păzeşte/ Şi pe urs îl ocoleşte/ Ceea ce-l dezamă­geşte./ Morala:/ Cine vrea să fure mure/ Să nu uite că-n pădure/ Drumurile sunt obscure.”

Bineînţeles că în pădure drumurile sunt obscure. De ce am considera asta o revelaţie? În fraza „Ursul vrea pe-ascuns să-l fure” sesizăm un pleonasm: cine fură o face, implicit, pe ascuns (nu întâmplător există şi expresia „pe furiş”, derivată de la verbul „a fura”). În sfârşit, este greu de imaginat că un urs fură de la vulpe, de obicei, în lumea fabulelor, se întâm­plă invers.

Să mai luăm un exemplu de istorisire în versuri şchioape, încheiată cu un truism care ţine locul de morală:

O cioară plină de orgoliu/ Spunea că-i neagră căci e-n doliu/ Şi văduvă fiind aşteaptă/ Să urce în societate înc-o treaptă/ Printr-o căsătorie mai înţeleaptă./ Atunci veni s-o ceară de nevastă/ Un pinguin alb-negru dintr-o castă/ Cu faimă deloc proastă.// Dar cioara brusc a strâmbat din nas/ Că-i ocupată cu un parastas/ Şi pe pinguin/ L-a şi mus­trat puţin./ Morala:/ Când eşti tot negru fii integru/ Şi nu-l dispreţui pe cel care pe lângă alb are şi negru.”

Mai potrivită ar fi altă morală: Când n-ai talent fii cu scrisul reticent, iar dacă totuşi scrii, fii măcar coerent.

*

Cunoscut şi apreciat pentru mobilitatea sa intelectuală, pentru spiritul ludic, pentru încli­naţia de a face jocuri de cuvinte hazoase, Paul Georgescu a fost în tinereţe cu totul altfel. Şi anume, a fost un apologet patetic al regimului comunist şi, în viaţa literară, un procuror sum­bru, pregătit să incrimineze orice abatere a scriitorilor de la dogma realismului socialist. Culegerea de articole Încercări critice, publica­tă în două volume în 1957-1958, este documen­tul acelei perioade ruşinoase din biografia sa. Eseistul înălţa pe atunci un adevărat imn de slavă puterii străine care ne ocupase ţara şi instaurase cu forţa un regim calificat azi, pe bună dreptate, „ilegitim şi criminal”. Paul Georgescu îi numea pe ocupanţi, cu elan poe­tic, „armatele purpurii”:

Putem înţelege noi, astăzi, cât de măreaţă este epoca pe care o trăim? Ne putem noi închipui ce s-ar întâmpla astăzi cu poporul nostru, cu fiecare dintre noi, dacă armatele purpurii nu ne-ar fi salvat într-o luminoasă zi de august?”

În aceiaşi termeni ditirambici, criticul atri­buia merite exorbitante partidului comunist în dezvoltarea literaturii, deşi partidul comunist nu făcuse altceva decât să perturbe şi uneori să blocheze creaţia literară în România:

Pornind de la principiul partinităţii, estetica marxist-leninistă şi literatura realist-socialistă se dezvoltă sub conducerea înţeleaptă a partidului. Numai datorită îndrumării ei de către partid, s-a putut ivi şi se poate dezvolta o literatură populară, viguroasă, demnă de epoca construirii socialismu­lui.”;

Paul Georgescu nu era însă numai un glori­ficator de serviciu, ci şi un denunţător al scri­itorilor care se gândeau cu admiraţie şi nostal­gie la marii critici literari din istoria literaturii române, ca Maiorescu sau Lovinescu:

Obiectivismul burghez se mai manifestă încă la noi, se aud voci în favoarea «reconsiderării obiec­tive» a lui Maiorescu, Lovinescu sau a unor scriitori burghezi, iată de ce trebuie să trecem la studii ample, obiective şi ştiinţifice, în care să demonstrăm caracterul profund reacţionar al concepţiei acestor critici.”

La bătrâneţe Paul Georgescu a retractat ceea ce a spus în tinereţe. A fost însă prea târ­ziu.

text Alex. Stefanescu ilustratie Linu


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__extends(t,e),Object.defineProperty(t.prototype,"script",{get:function(){return"!function(f,b,e,v,n,t,s){if(f.fbq)return;n=f.fbq=function(){n.callMethod?n.callMethod.apply(n,arguments):n.queue.push(arguments)};if(!f._fbq)f._fbq=n;n.push=n;n.loaded=!0;n.version='2.0';n.queue=[];t=b.createElement(e);t.async=!0;t.src=v;s=b.getElementsByTagName(e)[0];s.parentNode.insertBefore(t,s)}(window, document,'script','https://connect.facebook.net/en_US/fbevents.js');fbq('init', '".concat(this.identifier,"');")},enumerable:!1,configurable:!0}),t.prototype.onPixelEvent=function(e){window.fbq("trackCustom",e)},t.prototype.isLoaded=function(){return!!window.fbq},t}(Provider),Outbrain=function(e){function t(){return null!==e&&e.apply(this,arguments)||this}return __extends(t,e),Object.defineProperty(t.prototype,"script",{get:function(){return"!function(_window, _document) {var OB_ADV_ID = '".concat(this.identifier,"';if (_window.obApi) {var toArray = function(object) {return Object.prototype.toString.call(object) === '[object Array]' ? object : [object];};_window.obApi.marketerId = toArray(_window.obApi.marketerId).concat(toArray(OB_ADV_ID));return;}var api = _window.obApi = function() {api.dispatch ? api.dispatch.apply(api, arguments) : api.queue.push(arguments);};api.version = '1.1';api.loaded = true;api.marketerId = OB_ADV_ID;api.queue = [];var tag = _document.createElement('script');tag.async = true;tag.src = '//amplify.outbrain.com/cp/obtp.js';tag.type = 'text/javascript';var script = _document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0];script.parentNode.insertBefore(tag, script);}(window, document);")},enumerable:!1,configurable:!0}),t.prototype.onPixelEvent=function(e){window.obApi("track",e)},t.prototype.isLoaded=function(){return!!window.obApi},t}(Provider),Revcontent=function(e){function t(){return null!==e&&e.apply(this,arguments)||this}return __extends(t,e),Object.defineProperty(t.prototype,"script",{get:function(){return""},enumerable:!1,configurable:!0}),t.prototype.inject=function(){var e=document.createElement("script");e.src="https://assets.revcontent.com/master/rev.js",document.head.appendChild(e)},t.prototype.onPixelEvent=function(e){window.rev("event",e)},t.prototype.isLoaded=function(){return!!window.rev},t}(Provider),Taboola=function(e){function t(){return null!==e&&e.apply(this,arguments)||this}return __extends(t,e),Object.defineProperty(t.prototype,"script",{get:function(){return"window._tfa = window._tfa || [];!function (t, f, a, x) {if (!document.getElementById(x)) {t.async = 1;t.src = a;t.id=x;f.parentNode.insertBefore(t, f);}}(document.createElement('script'),document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0],'//cdn.taboola.com/libtrc/unip/1451879/tfa.js','tb_tfa_script');"},enumerable:!1,configurable:!0}),t.prototype.onPixelEvent=function(e){window._tfa.push({notify:"event",name:e,id:this.identifier})},t.prototype.isLoaded=function(){return Array.isArray(window._tfa)},t}(Provider),Tiktok=function(e){function t(t,n){var i=e.call(this,t)||this;return i.useAltTikTokEventsForAdsPlatformUser=n,i}return __extends(t,e),Object.defineProperty(t.prototype,"script",{get:function(){return'!function (w, d, t) {w.TiktokAnalyticsObject=t;var ttq=w[t]=w[t]||[];ttq.methods=["page","track","identify","instances","debug","on","off","once","ready","alias","group","enableCookie","disableCookie"],ttq.setAndDefer=function(t,e){t[e]=function(){t.push([e].concat(Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments,0)))}};for(var i=0;i=n.blocks.length&&(n.state.blocks.transitionTo(State.Failure),n.failureReason="caf_adloadfail_".concat(e)))},this.onTimeout=function(){n.state.script.transitionFromPendingTo(State.TimedOut),n.state.blocks.transitionFromPendingTo(State.TimedOut)},this.blocks=e,this.options=t}return Object.defineProperty(e.prototype,"loaded",{get:function(){return this.state.script.loaded},enumerable:!1,configurable:!0}),e.prototype.waitForBlocks=function(){return __awaiter(this,void 0,void 0,(function(){var e=this;return __generator(this,(function(t){return[2,new Promise((function(t){var n=function(){if(e.state.blocks.done)t();else{var i=e.blocksLoaded.map((function(e){return e.adsLoaded}));i.includes(!1)||i.length>=e.blocks.length?t():setTimeout(n,50)}};n()}))]}))}))},e.prototype.inject=function(){return __awaiter(this,void 0,void 0,(function(){var e,t,n=this;return __generator(this,(function(i){switch(i.label){case 0:return i.trys.push([0,3,,4]),[4,injectScriptTags()];case 1:return i.sent()&&void 0!==window.google?(new((t=window.google.ads.domains.Caf).bind.apply(t,__spreadArray([void 0,__assign(__assign({},this.options),{pageLoadedCallback:this.onPageLoaded,adLoadedCallback:this.onBlockLoaded})],this.blocks,!1))),setTimeout(this.onTimeout,TIMEOUT_CALLBACKS),[4,new Promise((function(e){var t=function(){n.state.script.done?e():setTimeout(t,10)};t()}))]):(this.state.script.transitionTo(State.Failure),[2,void 0]);case 2:return[2,i.sent()];case 3:return e=i.sent(),this.error=e.toString(),[2,void 0];case 4:return[2]}}))}))},e.prototype.toCallbacks=function(){return{adLoadedCallback:this.blocksLoaded.slice(-1)[0],pageLoadedCallback:this.pageLoaded,cafTimedOut:this.state.script.timedOut||this.state.blocks.timedOut,googleAdsFailure:!!this.failureReason}},e.prototype.toContext=function(){var e={cafScriptWasLoaded:this.state.script.loaded,callbacks:this.toCallbacks};return this.error&&(e.js_error={message:this.error}),this.state.script.loaded||(e.zeroClick={reason:"googleAdsFailure"}),e},e.prototype.mockFailedState=function(){this.state.blocks.transitionTo(State.Failure),this.state.script.transitionTo(State.Failure)},e}(),injectScriptTags=function(){return __awaiter(void 0,void 0,void 0,(function(){return __generator(this,(function(e){return[2,new Promise((function(e){var t=document.createElement("script");t.type="text/javascript",t.src=SRC,t.addEventListener("load",(function(){return e(!0)})),t.addEventListener("error",(function(){return e(!1)})),document.body.appendChild(t),setTimeout((function(){return e(!1)}),TIMEOUT_SCRIPTS)}))]}))}))},TagManager=function(){function e(e){this.injected=!1,this.identifier=e}return e.prototype.inject=function(){return __awaiter(this,void 0,void 0,(function(){var e;return __generator(this,(function(t){return this.injected?[2]:this.identifier?("TEST"===this.identifier||((e=document.createElement("script")).setAttribute("src","https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=".concat(this.identifier)),document.head.appendChild(e),this.track(),this.injected=!0),[2]):[2]}))}))},e.prototype.track=function(){this.push("js",new Date),this.push("config",this.identifier)},e.prototype.push=function(e,t){window.dataLayer||(window.dataLayer=[]),window.dataLayer.push([e,t])},e}(),ADS_PARAM="?caf",ADS_TRACKING_URL="_tr",BLOCKS_TYPE="ads",BLOCKS_CONTAINER="rs",Google=function(){function e(e,t,n,i,o){this._blocks=t,this._pageOptions=n,this.uuid=e,this.baseURL=o,this.ads=new Ads(this.blocks,this.pageOptions),this.tagManager=new TagManager(i)}return e.build=function(t,n,i){var o=t.pageOptions,r=t.preferredLanguage,a=t.blocks,s=t.googleAnalytics,c=t.reportableChannel,d={};o&&((d=__assign({},o)).hl||(d.hl=r),i.isAllowed&&(d.channel=d.channel.concat(",pid-bodis-gcontrol98")),c&&(d.channel=d.channel.concat(",pid-bodis-gcontrol".concat(c))));var l=null==o?void 0:o.resultsPageBaseUrl;return new e(n.uuid,a,d,s,l)},e.prototype.injectTagManager=function(){this.tagManager.inject()},e.prototype.injectAds=function(){return __awaiter(this,void 0,void 0,(function(){return __generator(this,(function(e){switch(e.label){case 0:return[4,this.ads.inject()];case 1:return e.sent(),[2]}}))}))},e.prototype.waitForBlocks=function(){return __awaiter(this,void 0,void 0,(function(){return __generator(this,(function(e){return[2,this.ads.waitForBlocks()]}))}))},Object.defineProperty(e.prototype,"blocks",{get:function(){var e=this;return(this._blocks||[]).filter((function(t){return e.wantsToServeAds?t.type===BLOCKS_TYPE:t.container===BLOCKS_CONTAINER})).map((function(t){var n=parse(),i=__assign({},t);return i.resultsPageBaseUrl="".concat(e.baseURL).concat(ADS_PARAM,"&").concat(n.toString()),e.wantsToServeAds&&(n.append("click","true"),n.append("session",e.uuid),i.clicktrackUrl="".concat(TRACKING_DOMAIN).concat(ADS_TRACKING_URL,"/?").concat(n.toString())),i}))},enumerable:!1,configurable:!0}),Object.defineProperty(e.prototype,"pageOptions",{get:function(){var e=__assign({},this._pageOptions);return Object.keys(this._pageOptions).forEach((function(t){t.startsWith("bodis")&&delete e[t]})),e},enumerable:!1,configurable:!0}),Object.defineProperty(e.prototype,"cannotLoadAds",{get:function(){return!this.ads.loaded},enumerable:!1,configurable:!0}),Object.defineProperty(e.prototype,"wantsToServeAds",{get:function(){return window.location.search.startsWith(ADS_PARAM)},enumerable:!1,configurable:!0}),Object.defineProperty(e.prototype,"adsMode",{get:function(){return this.ads.loaded&&this.wantsToServeAds},enumerable:!1,configurable:!0}),Object.defineProperty(e.prototype,"adsReady",{get:function(){return this.wantsToServeAds&&!this.cannotLoadAds},enumerable:!1,configurable:!0}),Object.defineProperty(e.prototype,"callbacks",{get:function(){return this.ads.toCallbacks()},enumerable:!1,configurable:!0}),e.prototype.toContext=function(){return __assign({blocks:this.blocks,pageOptions:this.pageOptions},this.ads.toContext())},e}(),App=function(){function e(){}return e.prototype.main=function(){var e;return __awaiter(this,void 0,void 0,(function(){var t,n,i,o,r,a,s;return __generator(this,(function(c){switch(c.label){case 0:return this.parkResponse=decode(),t=this,[4,getFindDomain()];case 1:if(t.findDomainResponse=c.sent(),!this.findDomainResponse)throw new Error("Domain failed to load.");return this.pixels=Pixels.build(this.findDomainResponse),null===(e=this.pixels)||void 0===e||e.listenForEvents(),this.adblock=new Adblock,[4,this.adblock.inject()];case 2:return c.sent(),this.google=Google.build(this.findDomainResponse,this.parkResponse,this.adblock),this.google.injectTagManager(),n=Parking.build(this.findDomainResponse,this.google),Render.prerender(n),(i=Failed.cannotPark(this.findDomainResponse))?[4,this.transitionToFailed(i)]:[3,4];case 3:return c.sent(),[2];case 4:return[4,this.google.injectAds()];case 5:return c.sent(),(o=Disabled.build(this.findDomainResponse,this.adblock.state))?[4,this.transitionToDisabled(o)]:[3,7];case 6:return c.sent(),[2];case 7:return(r=Sales.build(this.findDomainResponse))?[4,this.transitionToSales(r)]:[3,9];case 8:return c.sent(),[2];case 9:return this.eligibleForZeroClick?(a=this,[4,getZeroClick(this.context)]):[3,11];case 10:a.zeroClickResponse=c.sent(),c.label=11;case 11:return(s=Redirect.build(this.findDomainResponse,this.zeroClickResponse,this.google))?[4,this.transitionToRedirect(s)]:[3,13];case 12:return c.sent(),[2];case 13:return(i=Failed.noSponsors(this.google))?[4,this.transitionToFailed(i)]:[3,15];case 14:return c.sent(),[2];case 15:return[4,this.transitionToParking(n)];case 16:return c.sent(),[2]}}))}))},e.prototype.transitionToParking=function(e){return __awaiter(this,void 0,void 0,(function(){return __generator(this,(function(t){switch(t.label){case 0:return this.state=e,Render.template(e),Render.revealPage(),[4,this.google.waitForBlocks()];case 1:return t.sent(),[4,this.track()];case 2:return t.sent(),[2]}}))}))},e.prototype.transitionToRedirect=function(e){return __awaiter(this,void 0,void 0,(function(){var t;return __generator(this,(function(n){switch(n.label){case 0:return this.state=e,t=this.track(),Render.revealPage(),[4,waiter(e.delay,(function(e){return Render.loading(e)}))];case 1:return n.sent(),[4,t];case 2:return n.sent(),window.location.href=e.url,log("➡ Redirecting [".concat(e.url,"]")),[2]}}))}))},e.prototype.transitionToFailed=function(e){return __awaiter(this,void 0,void 0,(function(){return __generator(this,(function(t){switch(t.label){case 0:return this.state=e,Render.message(e.message),Render.revealPage(),[4,this.track()];case 1:return t.sent(),[2]}}))}))},e.prototype.transitionToSales=function(e){return __awaiter(this,void 0,void 0,(function(){return __generator(this,(function(t){switch(t.label){case 0:return this.state=e,e.init(this.context),[4,this.track()];case 1:return t.sent(),[2]}}))}))},e.prototype.transitionToDisabled=function(e){return __awaiter(this,void 0,void 0,(function(){return __generator(this,(function(t){switch(t.label){case 0:return this.state=e,Render.message(e.message),Render.revealPage(),[4,this.track()];case 1:return t.sent(),[2]}}))}))},e.prototype.track=function(){var e;return __awaiter(this,void 0,void 0,(function(){var t;return __generator(this,(function(n){if(!this.state.track)return[2,Promise.resolve()];try{return t=this.state.trackingType,null===(e=this.pixels)||void 0===e||e.dispatchEvent({type:t}),[2,trackVisit({context:this.context,callbacks:this.google.callbacks},t)]}catch(e){return[2,void 0]}return[2]}))}))},Object.defineProperty(e.prototype,"eligibleForZeroClick",{get:function(){var e=this.findDomainResponse,t=e.cannotPark,n=e.canZeroClick,i=e.zeroClick,o=this.google.cannotLoadAds;return!!t||(!(!n||!o)||!!(null==i?void 0:i.reason))},enumerable:!1,configurable:!0}),Object.defineProperty(e.prototype,"context",{get:function(){var e,t,n,i,o=this.findDomainResponse,r=this.parkResponse,a=null===(e=this.state)||void 0===e?void 0:e.toContext(),s=null===(t=this.adblock)||void 0===t?void 0:t.toContext(),c=null===(n=this.google)||void 0===n?void 0:n.toContext(),d=browserState(),l=__assign(__assign({},null===(i=this.findDomainResponse)||void 0===i?void 0:i.zeroClick),this.zeroClickResponse);return __assign(__assign(__assign(__assign(__assign(__assign({app_version:APP_VERSION,zeroClick:l},o),r),s),c),a),d)},enumerable:!1,configurable:!0}),e.prototype.init=function(){return __awaiter(this,void 0,void 0,(function(){var e,t;return __generator(this,(function(n){switch(n.label){case 0:n.label=1;case 1:return n.trys.push([1,3,,4]),window.__parkour=this,[4,this.main()];case 2:return n.sent(),[3,4];case 3:return e=n.sent(),console.error("app",e),t=Failed.fromError(e),this.state=t,Render.message(t.message),Render.revealPage(),[3,4];case 4:return[2]}}))}))},e}();(new App).init(),exports.App=App}));